The “Cognitive Offloading” Paradox [Hardman]
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The "U-shaped curve" of cognitive offloading to AI tools
Almost a year ago, I responded here on Thought Shrapnel to what I thought was a terrible paper which claimed to show, via brain scans, that using LLMs was bad for students' cognitive development.
As Philippa Hardman notes in this article, the academic literature has begun caught up with what people actually using these tools already know:
The theoretical picture sharpened in 2025–26. Favero et al. (2025) warned that cognitive offloading undermines learning outcomes unless the mental effort that’s freed up gets redirected towards other meaningful tasks.
Cognitive Offloading and AI: When to Apply More Effort | Mike Caulfield posted on the topic | LinkedIn
Anna Mills asked me about friction and AI. I thought I might put down my thoughts here. What follows is not about students specifically but about us all -- I get that you can't learn physics by copy-pasting. But let's "start at the end" as they say: where do we want people to get to with cognitive offloading and AI?
First, an important point: cognitive offloading is behind most human achievement. Once you see the primary way we "cognitively offload" is to have other people think for us, you see it's the reason humans control our world. It's what allows this complex system where everyone largely cedes the work of homebuilding, farming, manufacturing, doctoring, etc. to other people and applies their cognitive effort to the smaller set of things that are personal to them: where they want to live, what they want to eat, what they need to buy, and their specific job. Even there, most of the time we offload much of that.
The reason we have this whole system is that we relentlessly conserve cognitive energy, and that has to be seen, first and foremost, as not a human flaw but as a secret to our success -- albeit one with downsides.
The way we often make this work, however, is to develop little cheap heuristics that tell us *when* to apply more effort. They aren't always the best signals, but they are ones that is recognizable. The doctor comes in, and you're ready to accept her diagnosis. But then she refers to you by the wrong name, you correct her. She pulls out yet another patient record that is not yours and asks now about an ailment you do not have. You decide you're going to push back a lot more on her findings.
I think one of the core problems of AI is normally our decision is as much about *who* we offload to as *when*. We often rightly surrender cognitive autonomy when another person has met our bar on the three things I talk about in my first book (WLFSFC): in a much better "position to know", shares our values, history of being "careful with the truth" (subject-dependent). We assert autonomy when those things are not in effect.
With AI one of the problems is there is no who. We get the information smoothie. So what are the signs to selectively shock us out of cognitive conservation? In Verified we propose the one of the biggest signals is internal: it's precisely when you see something and get very excited that it PROVES you were right in a contested space that you should apply some effort. Another signal in search is "wrong neighborhood" -- the results do not seem like they come from the sources you'd expect; might be time to tweak that search.
That's search of course. Maybe it transfers, maybe not. So what are the signals with AI that we need to apply more effort, both from the system and outside it? I think as we approach the question of offloading in general users that's a core question. | 12 comments on LinkedIn
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Three goals for Australian education and training in the age of AI AI is fundamentally reshaping the capabilities our learners need, the work they will do, and the society they will build. Multiple national bodies have called for urgent action. The Castlereagh Statement is a vision for the coordination and collective courage to deliver transform […]
Australia may have just set the benchmark for AI in education. The Castlereagh Statement is one of the most serious and comprehensive frameworks I have come across. It brings together over eighty… | Dr Will Van Reyk | 18 comments
Australia may have just set the benchmark for AI in education.
The Castlereagh Statement is one of the most serious and comprehensive frameworks I have come across. It brings together over eighty educators, researchers, school leaders, university vice-chancellors, industry figures, and students, following a national summit at the University of Sydney in 2025.
It is worth reading wherever you are in the world.
At its core is a ‘unified national vision’. Ambitious, but necessary if education and AI are to be meaningfully integrated across society.
It also confronts an uncomfortable truth:
‘systems were designed for an era in which access to information and cognitive labour was scarce...education and training systems still largely prioritise information transmission and reward the reproduction of knowledge’.
Six principles underpin the vision:
1. Redefine what it means to be educated.
A commitment to cultivating ‘the enduring dispositions and capabilities that we will always value humans exhibiting’. This includes ‘compassion, curiosity, creativity, collaboration, and courage’ alongside metacognitive skills. At the same time, ‘deep domain expertise and practical experience are necessary’ and learners must also ‘understand the affordances and limitations of AI’.
2. Institutional and individual humility.
Many inherited structures were designed for a different era and ‘would benefit from being transformed, consolidated, or retired, recognising that institutions exist primarily to serve learning and learners’.
3. Reconceptualise learning and assessment.
‘A commitment to reconceptualising the processes of learning and assessment to prioritise deep understanding, human connections and visible skill development over the mere production and evaluation of outputs.’
4. Design an agile, capability-focused curriculum.
‘Integrating all education and training sectors and industry’ and ‘shift the focus from content transmission to development of valued capabilities and dispositions’. It also requires guidance on ‘when, how, and why to use AI at each developmental stage’.
5. Empower teachers and redefine teaching.
No transformation is possible without addressing time, funding, and workload. AI must serve teachers, not sideline them.
6. Place technology in service of pedagogy and trust.
‘We commit to ensuring technology serves education, not the reverse, with developmentally appropriate applications of AI tools matched to learners' age, stage, and needs’.
Alongside this, a three-horizon framework sets out a practical, operational approach to educational reform in the coming months and years.
It is hard to think of many national systems taking this kind of joined-up approach.
Ultimately, what is even more important here is that this starts to tackle the first principles question many are still avoiding:
what is education really for in a world of AI?
(Link in comments, and thanks to Vince Wall for highlighting this.) | 18 comments on LinkedIn
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